Abstract: Aiming at the problem of unequal supply of educational resources and uneven distribution of high-quality education in ethnic mountainous areas, taking Shiping County in ethnic mountainous areas as an example, the density analysis method and improved potential model are used to analyze the spatial layout and spatial accessibility of primary schools. Research shows that the spatial distribution of primary schools is closely related to population density and road network density, and is affected by topographical conditions. They are mainly distributed in areas with micro slopes, gentle slopes and slopes. There is a huge gap in the service capacity of primary schools. The overall service capacity of ethnic primary schools in mountainous areas is lower than that of nonethnic minority areas in the flatland area, and the primary schools with good education quality are also inclined to the flatland area. Primary schools space accessibility is generally low, and that in minority communities is even lower. The high value area for spatial accessibility is located in the flatland area at the junction of Yilong Town and Baoxiu Town. The second high value area is located in the urban area of Shiping County and Baoxiu township and its radiated flat terrain. The low-value areas are distributed in contiguous mountainous areas such as Shaochong Town, Longpeng Town, Daqiao Town and the eastern part of Baoxiu Town. Based on this, specific suggestions are made for the rational layout and space optimization of primary schools, in order to provide reference for the equalization planning of educational facilities in ethnic mountainous areas.